She was Jeanne d'Albret's daughter whose marriage to Henri de Lorraine because she was Calvinist. King Henri IV had to do some wrangling to get the marriage authorized by the Catholic church. Her Wikipedia article, with this image, is here.
Nicolas Quesnel portrays Catherine de Bourbon wearing a ruff emerging from a high enclosing neckline over a vee-shaped bodice insert that suggest this portrait dates from the early 1600s.
Keywords: Quesnel - Nicolas, Catherine de Bourbon (1556-1604), Bourbon family, Duchess, French, straight coiffure, high enclosing neckline, ruff, rolled sleeves, puffed cloth ornaments, bows, jeweled bodice ornament